In this study, researchers examine the redesign and development of a low-cost portable kiln for decentralized biochar production, using pigeonpea and maize stalks. The physiochemical characterization of kiln-produced biochar at 400 °C is compared to muffle furnace biochar at 400 °C and 500 °C, revealing similarities, with higher stable carbon content in kiln-produced biochar. The heavy metal content remains below critical limits defined by the International Biochar Initiative. The study highlights the kiln’s economic viability and scalability due to its low capital and operational costs.

Addressing the global concern of agricultural residue mismanagement and indiscriminate burning, the research explores the potential of recycling residues for biochar production using pyrolysisPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that converts waste biomass into bio-char, bio-oil, and pyro-gas. It offers significant advantages in waste valorization, turning low-value materials into economically valuable resources. Its versatility allows for tailored products based on operational conditions, presenting itself as a cost-effective and efficient More. The comparison between a portable kiln prototype and a muffle furnace at different pyrolytic temperatures unveils variations in biochar properties based on raw material source, pyrolytic method, and temperature. Higher pyrolysis temperatures impact the ultrastructure of biochar, influencing carbon content and functional groups.

The study’s findings suggest the kiln’s potential as a decentralized biochar production method, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution for agricultural waste management and soil carbon enhancement. As soil organic carbon depletion contributes to economic losses globally, the utilization of hardy crop residues becomes pivotal. The research underlines the importance of sustainable solutions, emphasizing the kiln’s portability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in addressing the dual challenges of agricultural waste disposal and soil quality enhancement.

In conclusion, this study provides a thorough exploration of biochar properties derived from leguminous and non-leguminous crop residues, offering practical insights for its economical and decentralized production using portable kilns. The integration of advanced techniques for biochar characterization contributes to both basic research and sustainable agriculture practices.