Heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems is a growing concern, threatening both human health and environmental sustainability. Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from organic waste, is gaining attention as an eco-friendly method for heavy metal removal. This study explores various innovative strategies to enhance biochar’s effectiveness as an adsorbent for heavy metals.

The research delves into the fundamental mechanisms of how biochar adsorbs heavy metals, influenced by factors such as the biochar’s properties and environmental conditions. Modifications to biochar, including physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are examined to improve its adsorption capacity and selectivity. Additionally, the study highlights the role of feedstockFeedstock refers to the raw organic material used to produce biochar. This can include a wide range of materials, such as wood chips, agricultural residues, and animal manure. More materials used in biochar production, which significantly affect its ability to remove contaminants.

One of the key findings is the benefit of incorporating metal oxides and nanomaterials into biochar, which enhances its removal efficiency. The surface of biochar can also be functionalized with specific groups to improve its interactions with heavy metals. While biochar presents a promising solution, the study also addresses potential challenges, including economic and technical limitations.

With a focus on aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), this research offers valuable insights for environmental experts and policymakers. The findings suggest that biochar could be a cost-effective and sustainable approach to heavy metal remediation in water, offering a viable solution for long-term environmental protection.