In a recent review published in Life journal, Aiduang et al., highlight the immense potential of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a valuable resource for biocharBiochar is a carbon-rich material created from biomass decomposition in low-oxygen conditions. It has important applications in environmental remediation, soil improvement, agriculture, carbon sequestration, energy storage, and sustainable materials, promoting efficiency and reducing waste in various contexts while addressing climate change challenges. More production, offering sustainable solutions for modern agriculture. This review explores the properties of SMS, its conversion into biochar, and the diverse applications of this biochar in agricultural systems.  

SMS, the nutrient-rich byproduct of mushroom cultivation, is shown to be an ideal feedstockFeedstock refers to the raw organic material used to produce biochar. This can include a wide range of materials, such as wood chips, agricultural residues, and animal manure. More for biochar due to its lignocellulosic structure, high organic matter content, and essential nutrients. The pyrolysisPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that converts waste biomass into bio-char, bio-oil, and pyro-gas. It offers significant advantages in waste valorization, turning low-value materials into economically valuable resources. Its versatility allows for tailored products based on operational conditions, presenting itself as a cost-effective and efficient More process converts SMS into biochar, enhancing its porosityPorosity of biochar is a key factor in its effectiveness as a soil amendment and its ability to retain water and nutrients. Biochar’s porosity is influenced by feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature, and it plays a crucial role in microbial activity and overall soil health. Biochar More, nutrient retention, and carbon stability. This biochar improves soil fertility, water retention, and microbial activity, while also aiding in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration.  

SMS-derived biochar has several benefits: it has a balanced pHpH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. A pH of 7 is neutral, while lower pH values indicate acidity and higher values indicate alkalinity. Biochars are normally alkaline and can influence soil pH, often increasing it, which can be beneficial More, a rich nutrient profile, and the ability to adsorb heavy metals, reducing soil and water contamination. The use of this biochar in farming practices enhances soil structure, nutrient cycling, and moisture retention, which supports sustainable agriculture by decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers and increasing climate resilience. Beyond improving soil, SMS-derived biochar is also effective in wastewater treatment, mitigating plant diseases, and improving mushroom cultivation substrates.  

The economic advantages of SMS-derived biochar are notable, as SMS is an abundant and inexpensive resource. However, there are challenges to address, including optimizing production methods and ensuring consistency in biochar properties. Future research and technological advances are crucial for scaling up SMS-derived biochar production and integrating it into circular economy frameworks.  

SOURCE: Aiduang, W., Jatuwong, K., Kiatsiriroat, T., Kamopas, W., Tiyayon, P., Jawana, R., Xayyavong, O., & Lumyong, S. (2025). Spent Mushroom Substrate-Derived Biochar and Its Applications in Modern Agricultural Systems: An Extensive Overview. Life, 15, 317.