Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from the pyrolysisPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that converts waste biomass into bio-char, bio-oil, and pyro-gas. It offers significant advantages in waste valorization, turning low-value materials into economically valuable resources. Its versatility allows for tailored products based on operational conditions, presenting itself as a cost-effective and efficient More of biomassBiomass is a complex biological organic or non-organic solid product derived from living or recently living organism and available naturally. Various types of wastes such as animal manure, waste paper, sludge and many industrial wastes are also treated as biomass because like natural biomass these More, offers significant promise in addressing climate change through carbon sequestration and reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A recent review in Science of The Total Environment explores the life cycle assessment (LCA) of biochar in agriculture, focusing on three main production technologies: pyrolysis, gasificationGasification is a high-temperature, thermochemical process that converts carbon-based materials into a gaseous fuel called syngas and solid by-products. It takes place in an oxygen-deficient environment at temperatures typically above 750°C. Unlike combustion, which fully burns material to produce heat and carbon dioxide (CO2​), gasification More, and hydrothermal carbonization.

The study highlights that biochar’s effectiveness and economic viability depend heavily on the production process and the type of feedstockFeedstock refers to the raw organic material used to produce biochar. This can include a wide range of materials, such as wood chips, agricultural residues, and animal manure. More used. Gasification stands out for its economic efficiency, while hydrothermal carbonization presents an environmentally friendly option, particularly for large-scale production. Biochar’s application in farming can significantly reduce carbon emissions, but its impact varies based on biochar properties, soil types, and management practices.

However, challenges persist. The review notes the complex interactions between biochar and soil microorganisms, with some studies indicating potential increases in soil CO2 and methane emissions under certain conditions. Moreover, the mismatch between biochar’s properties and specific agricultural needs poses risks that require further investigation.

Overall, while biochar shows great potential in sustainable agriculture, more research is needed to understand its long-term environmental impacts fully. This comprehensive LCA review provides a framework for optimizing biochar applications, helping to mitigate climate change and enhance soil health in agriculture.