The increasing prevalence of antibiotics in the environment poses a threat to ecosystems, particularly in agricultural soils where antibiotics from animal feces and irrigation runoff accumulate. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a genotoxic sulfonamide, is a prominent contaminant requiring effective remediation methods.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been explored for SMX removal, with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) emerging as a cost-effective option. This study introduces a novel approach using a natural pyrite-biochar composite (FBC3) to activate PMS for efficient SMX remediation.

The FBC3/PMS method achieved a commendable 76% SMX removal from soil within 120 minutes, emphasizing its efficacy. The remediation process relies on the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) to attack SMX, with soil organic matter (SOM) influencing the competition for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and engaging in the ROS transformation process. Importantly, this method demonstrated environmental friendliness, aligning with the need for sustainable remediation practices.

The study addresses the challenges associated with other AOPs, such as high chemical doses and potential toxic by-products. FBC3/PMS stands out as a promising, eco-friendly solution, showcasing its potential for large-scale implementation. The germination and growth promotion of mung bean seeds in toxicity tests underscore the environmental compatibility of this method, reinforcing its practical applicability.

The study’s comprehensive insights into the involvement of SOM in the remediation process and its impact on soil properties contribute valuable knowledge for future applications. The FBC3/PMS method emerges as a beacon of hope for addressing the pressing issue of antibiotic-contaminated soils, providing a pathway toward sustainable and effective solutions.