Agricultural residue-derived carbonaceous catalysts show promise for biofuel production, particularly biodiesel. This comprehensive review explores the critical factors influencing the development of textural characteristics in catalysts, including temperature, heating rate, hold time, and inert gas flow rate. Emphasis is placed on the preparation conditions and functionalization methods of biochar and activated carbon sourced from agricultural residues, elucidating their role in biodiesel synthesis.

The review meticulously examines research findings that aim for optimal biodiesel yield, considering variable precursors, alcohol-to-oil ratio, reaction time, and temperatures. The impact of textural properties, such as surface area, total pore volume, average pore size, and functional groups, on biodiesel yield is analyzed. Additionally, the study investigates the regeneration and reuse of spent catalysts.

Economic evaluations of biochar and activated carbon, along with their applications in biodiesel production, are scrutinized. The article concludes by outlining strategies to enhance biomassBiomass is a complex biological organic or non-organic solid product derived from living or recently living organism and available naturally. Various types of wastes such as animal manure, waste paper, sludge and many industrial wastes are also treated as biomass because like natural biomass these More and catalyst productivity, suggesting future prospects and research directions for sustainable biodiesel production. The overall focus is on advancing biofuel production through the development of efficient biochar and activated carbon from agricultural residues, underscoring the importance of these catalysts in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.