Sultan, Li, et al (2024) BiocharBiochar is a carbon-rich material created from biomass decomposition in low-oxygen conditions. It has important applications in environmental remediation, soil improvement, agriculture, carbon sequestration, energy storage, and sustainable materials, promoting efficiency and reducing waste in various contexts while addressing climate change challenges. More and nano biochar: Enhancing salt resilience in plants and soil while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions: A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120448

In the face of escalating salinity stress threatening global agriculture, the integration of biochar and its nanoscale derivative, nano-biochar, emerges as a pivotal strategy. This review delves into the multifaceted role of these amendments in fortifying plant and soil resilience against salinity stress while concurrently curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Salinity stress, exacerbated by inadequate irrigation, soil degradation, and climate change, poses a formidable challenge to agriculture, diminishing soil fertility and structural integrity.

Biochar, derived from organic matter pyrolysisPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that converts waste biomass into bio-char, bio-oil, and pyro-gas. It offers significant advantages in waste valorization, turning low-value materials into economically valuable resources. Its versatility allows for tailored products based on operational conditions, presenting itself as a cost-effective and efficient More, proves instrumental in enhancing soil structure, nutrient retention, and plant resistance to salinity stress. Nano-biochar, an advancement in nanotechnology, exhibits unique physicochemical properties, rendering it a promising soil amendmentA soil amendment is any material added to the soil to enhance its physical or chemical properties, improving its suitability for plant growth. Biochar is considered a soil amendment as it can improve soil structure, water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity.   More with the capacity to alter soil properties, nutrient dynamics, and microbial communities. This review synthesizes current research findings, elucidating the intricate interactions between biochar, nano-biochar, soil, and plants.

The comprehensive exploration encompasses the positive impact of these amendments on soil physicochemical properties, water and nutrient uptake, oxidative damage reduction, and altered soil microbial communities. Notably, the potential of biochar and nano-biochar to influence soil microbial activities, thereby reducing GHG emissions like nitrous oxide and methane, is underscored, contributing significantly to climate change mitigation.

As salinity-affected soils increasingly jeopardize agricultural productivity, this review emphasizes the multifunctional applications of biochar and nano-biochar, offering sustainable solutions. Furthermore, it identifies areas for future investigation, enhancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between these carbonaceous materials, soil, plants, and greenhouse gas emissions. The synthesis of current knowledge underscores the promising role of biochar and nano-biochar in addressing salinity stress, marking a significant stride towards sustainable soil and environmental management.