The need for effective wastewater treatment is critical due to increasing water pollution from industrial and agricultural activities. BiocharBiochar is a carbon-rich material created from biomass decomposition in low-oxygen conditions. It has important applications in environmental remediation, soil improvement, agriculture, carbon sequestration, energy storage, and sustainable materials, promoting efficiency and reducing waste in various contexts while addressing climate change challenges. More, a carbon-rich material derived from the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomassBiomass is a complex biological organic or non-organic solid product derived from living or recently living organism and available naturally. Various types of wastes such as animal manure, waste paper, sludge and many industrial wastes are also treated as biomass because like natural biomass these More such as crop residues and forestry waste, offers a sustainable solution. This material, created through processes like pyrolysisPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that converts waste biomass into bio-char, bio-oil, and pyro-gas. It offers significant advantages in waste valorization, turning low-value materials into economically valuable resources. Its versatility allows for tailored products based on operational conditions, presenting itself as a cost-effective and efficient More, has shown significant promise in environmental remediation, particularly when combined with advanced technologies like photocatalysis.

Biochar’s high surface area, porosityPorosity of biochar is a key factor in its effectiveness as a soil amendment and its ability to retain water and nutrients. Biochar’s porosity is influenced by feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature, and it plays a crucial role in microbial activity and overall soil health. Biochar More, and abundant oxygen functional groups make it highly effective at adsorbing and degrading a variety of pollutants, including antibiotics, dyes, and heavy metals. It acts as both an electron storage and acceptor, enhancing its effectiveness in photocatalytic processes by improving charge separation and reducing electron-hole recombination. These properties make biochar a versatile tool for environmental clean-up, with added benefits such as carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Modification techniques, such as chemical treatments and metal impregnation, further enhance biochar’s adsorption capacity. Recent studies highlight its superior performance in removing pollutants under visible light, which is crucial for practical applications in wastewater treatment. Despite its lower adsorption capacity compared to traditional activated carbonActivated carbon is a form of carbon that has been processed to create a vast network of tiny pores, increasing its surface area significantly. This extensive surface area makes activated carbon exceptionally effective at trapping and holding impurities, like a molecular sponge. It is commonly More, biochar’s environmental and economic benefits, including cost-effectiveness and sustainability, are significant.

This review underscores the importance of biochar in addressing water pollution, focusing on its physicochemical properties, modification methods, and overall environmental and economic impact. Biochar derived from lignocellulosic biomass not only offers a promising solution for wastewater remediation but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and climate change mitigation.